ABSTRACT
Objective To analyze and discuss the epidemiological characteristics and drug resistance of pathogenic bacteria of infective endocarditis in Nanjing in the past five years, and to provide reference for the prevention and treatment of infective endocarditis. Methods A total of 220 infective endocarditis cases in Nanjing area from 2015 to 2020 were included in the analysis. The distribution characteristics of pathogens were collected and analyzed. Information on drug resistance was also collected, and the potential relationship between pathogen distribution and drug resistance was explored. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 19.0. Results The ratio of male to female patients included in this study was 143:77, and most of them were aged from 41 to 60 years old. There were 195 patients with underlying cardiac diseases (88.64%). A total of 1132 pathogenic bacteria were detected in the blood samples of all 220 patients, among which 1 007 were mainly gram-positive bacteria (88.96%): 725 strains of Streptococcus viridans (725/1 132, 64.05%), 124 strains of Staphylococcus aureus (124/1 132, 10.95%), 96 strains of Staphylococcus epidermidis (96/1 132, 8.48%), and 62 strains (62/1 132, 5.48%) of others (Staphylococcus human, etc.); the main gram-negative bacteria ( a total of 125 strains , 11.04%) were 73 strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (73/1 132, 6.45%) and 52 strains of Escherichia coli (52/1 132, 4.59%). Among the strains isolated from subjects of different ages and genders, the distribution difference was consistent with the total trend, and there was no significant difference (all P>0.05). Among gram-positive bacteria, Streptococcus was sensitive to antibiotics such as penicillin, oxacillin, and vancomycin. Staphylococcus aureus and S. epidermidis were sensitive to vancomycin and resistant to oxacillin and penicillin. Gram-negative bacteria were less resistant to amikacin and meropenem. All these differences were statistically significant (all P<0.05). Conclusion For patients with infective endocarditis, antibiotics should be selected reasonably according to the type of pathogenic bacteria and the corresponding drug resistance characteristics.
ABSTRACT
Objective To explore the application of interferon(IFN)response-related genes in predicting the outcome of antiviral treatment in chronic hepatitis C. Methods SuperArray microarray was used to detect the expression of IFN response-related genes in peripheral blood monocytes(PBMC)from chronic hepatitis C patients before treatment. SPSS 12.0 was used for statistical analysis. Results Ten patients were classified as rapid responders(RVR)and seven patients as non-RVRs according to the serum HCV RNA level after 4 weeks of treatment in 17 patients. Compared with healthy controls, nine differentially expressed genes were found in RVR patients, one up-regulated and eight down-regulated; eighteen differentially expressed genes were found in N-RVR patients, all down-regulated. Five differentially expressed genes were found between the patients with RVR and N-RVR: four up-regulated genes were PRKCZ, PRKRA, IRF5 and TNFSF10(t =5.44, 3.13, 5.24 and 2.30, P=0. 000, 0.010, 0.005 and 0. 044); one up-regulated gene was IFIT5(t = 2.43, P = 0. 035). Of seventeen patients, 12 were HCV genotype 1b, 5 were HCV genotype 2a. Compared with HCV2a, IFI6 and IFI44 gene in HCV1b were downregulated(t = 2.42 and 2.45, P = 0. 038 and 0. 033). Conclusions The expression of IFN responserelated genes is associated with response to IFN treatment. HCV genotype 1 b is more successful in inducing the down-regulation of IFN response-related genes than that of HCV genotype 2a, thus leading to the resistance to IFN.